走进WPF之样式

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所属分类:.NET技术
摘要

WPF通过样式,不仅可以方便的设置控件元素的展示方式,给用户呈现多样化的体验,还简化配置,避免重复设置元素的属性,以达到节约成本,提高工作效率的目的。本文以一个简单的小例子,简述如果设置WPF的样式,仅供学习分享使用,如有不足之处,还请指正。

WPF通过样式,不仅可以方便的设置控件元素的展示方式,给用户呈现多样化的体验,还简化配置,避免重复设置元素的属性,以达到节约成本,提高工作效率的目的。本文以一个简单的小例子,简述如果设置WPF的样式,仅供学习分享使用,如有不足之处,还请指正。

什么是样式?

样式(Style)是组织和重用格式化选项的重要工具。不是使用重复的标记填充XAML,以便设置外边距、内边距、颜色以及字体等细节,而是创建一系列封装所有这些细节的样式,然后再需要之处通过属性来应用样式。
样式是可应用于元素的属性值集合。使用资源的最常见原因之一就是样式。

基础样式

1. 通过TargetType设置样式

通过控件类型,统一设置样式【如:字体,大小,边距等】,以便于形成统一的风格。如下所示:

走进WPF之样式

示例源码

通过设置样式的TargetType="Button",则可以使所有的按钮应用同一个样式,统一风格。如下所示:

 1 <Window x:Class="WpfApp1.SevenWindow"  2         xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"  3         xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"  4         xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"  5         xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"  6         xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApp1"  7         mc:Ignorable="d"  8         Title="基础样式示例" Height="250" Width="400">  9     <Window.Resources> 10         <Style  TargetType="Button"  > 11             <Setter Property="Button.Margin" Value="2,5,2,5"></Setter> 12             <Setter Property="Control.FontFamily" Value="SimSun-ExtB"></Setter> 13             <Setter Property="Control.FontSize" Value="18"></Setter> 14         </Style> 15     </Window.Resources> 16     <StackPanel> 17         <Button x:Name="button1" Content="第一个按钮"></Button> 18         <Button x:Name="button2" Content="第二个按钮" ></Button> 19         <Button x:Name="button3" Content="第三个按钮"></Button> 20         <Button x:Name="button4" Content="第四个按钮" ></Button> 21     </StackPanel> 22 </Window>

2. 通过Key设置样式

如果需要对每一个控件元素,都设置不同的样式,则可以通过不同的Key加以区分,如下所示:

走进WPF之样式

示例源码

分别设置不同的样式,每一个样式都有一个唯一的Key,然后分别绑定到各个元素的Style属性上,如下所示:

 1 <Window x:Class="WpfApp1.SevenWindow"  2         xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"  3         xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"  4         xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"  5         xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"  6         xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApp1"  7         mc:Ignorable="d"  8         Title="基础样式示例" Height="250" Width="400">  9     <Window.Resources> 10         <Style TargetType="Button" > 11             <Setter Property="Button.Margin" Value="2,5,2,5"></Setter> 12             <Setter Property="Control.FontFamily" Value="SimSun-ExtB"></Setter> 13             <Setter Property="Control.FontSize" Value="16"></Setter> 14         </Style> 15         <Style x:Key="first"> 16             <Setter Property="Control.Foreground" Value="Red"></Setter> 17             <Setter Property="Control.Background" Value="Gray"></Setter> 18         </Style> 19         <Style x:Key="second"> 20             <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Foreground" Value="Gold"></Setter> 21             <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Background" Value="DarkCyan"></Setter> 22         </Style> 23         <Style x:Key="third"> 24             <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Foreground" Value="White"></Setter> 25             <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Background" Value="DarkRed"></Setter> 26         </Style> 27         <Style x:Key="four"> 28             <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Foreground" Value="Blue"></Setter> 29             <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Background" Value="LightCoral"></Setter> 30         </Style> 31     </Window.Resources> 32     <StackPanel> 33         <Button x:Name="button1" Content="第一个按钮" Style="{StaticResource first}"></Button> 34         <Button x:Name="button2" Content="第二个按钮" Style="{StaticResource second}"></Button> 35         <Button x:Name="button3" Content="第三个按钮" Style="{StaticResource third}"></Button> 36         <Button x:Name="button4" Content="第四个按钮" Style="{StaticResource four}"></Button> 37     </StackPanel> 38 </Window>

3. 样式继承

通过仔细观察发现,在设置了单独样式以后,统一的样式失去了作用,说明每一个元素控件,只能绑定一个样式,那怎么办才能让统一样式起作用呢?答案就是面向对象思想中的继承。

在WPF中,通过设置BasedOn来继承父样式,如下所示:

走进WPF之样式

 示例源码

在每一个样式通过BasedOn属性继承父样式,如下所示:

 1 <Window x:Class="WpfApp1.SevenWindow"  2         xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"  3         xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"  4         xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"  5         xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"  6         xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApp1"  7         mc:Ignorable="d"  8         Title="基础样式示例" Height="250" Width="400">  9     <Window.Resources> 10         <Style x:Key="base" > 11             <Setter Property="Control.Margin" Value="2,5,2,5"></Setter> 12             <Setter Property="Control.FontFamily" Value="SimSun-ExtB"></Setter> 13             <Setter Property="Control.FontSize" Value="18"></Setter> 14         </Style> 15         <Style x:Key="first" BasedOn="{StaticResource base}"> 16             <Setter Property="Control.Foreground" Value="Red"></Setter> 17             <Setter Property="Control.Background" Value="Gray"></Setter> 18         </Style> 19         <Style x:Key="second" BasedOn="{StaticResource base}"> 20             <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Foreground" Value="Gold"></Setter> 21             <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Background" Value="DarkCyan"></Setter> 22         </Style> 23         <Style x:Key="third" BasedOn="{StaticResource base}"> 24             <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Foreground" Value="White"></Setter> 25             <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Background" Value="DarkRed"></Setter> 26         </Style> 27         <Style x:Key="four" BasedOn="{StaticResource base}"> 28             <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Foreground" Value="Blue"></Setter> 29             <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Background" Value="LightCoral"></Setter> 30         </Style> 31     </Window.Resources> 32     <StackPanel> 33         <Button x:Name="button1" Content="第一个按钮" Style="{StaticResource first}"></Button> 34         <Button x:Name="button2" Content="第二个按钮" Style="{StaticResource second}"></Button> 35         <Button x:Name="button3" Content="第三个按钮" Style="{StaticResource third}"></Button> 36         <Button x:Name="button4" Content="第四个按钮" Style="{StaticResource four}"></Button> 37     </StackPanel> 38 </Window>

 注意:如果样式要被其他样式继承,则最好不要使用TargetType指定。一般情况下,可能为报错【只能根据带有基类型“IFrameworkInputElement”的目标类型的 Style。】

4. 样式中绑定事件

在WPF中的样式中,通过EventSetter进行事件绑定,如下所示:

走进WPF之样式

示例源码

在样式中,通过EventSetter设置事件,如下所示:

 1 <Window x:Class="WpfApp1.SevenWindow"  2         xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"  3         xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"  4         xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"  5         xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"  6         xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApp1"  7         mc:Ignorable="d"  8         Title="基础样式示例" Height="250" Width="400">  9     <Window.Resources> 10         <Style x:Key="base"> 11             <Setter Property="Control.Margin" Value="2,5,2,5"></Setter> 12             <Setter Property="Control.FontFamily" Value="SimSun-ExtB"></Setter> 13             <Setter Property="Control.FontSize" Value="18"></Setter> 14         </Style> 15         <Style x:Key="first" BasedOn="{StaticResource base}"> 16             <Setter Property="Control.Foreground" Value="Red"></Setter> 17             <Setter Property="Control.Background" Value="Gray"></Setter> 18             <EventSetter Event="Button.MouseEnter" Handler="FirstButton_MouseEnter"></EventSetter> 19         </Style> 20     </Window.Resources> 21     <StackPanel> 22         <Button x:Name="button1" Content="第一个按钮" Style="{StaticResource first}"></Button> 23     </StackPanel> 24 </Window>

其中FirstButton_MouseEnter,文后台定义的一个事件函数,如下所示:

1  private void FirstButton_MouseEnter(object sender,MouseEventArgs e) 2 { 3       Button btn = (Button)sender; 4       MessageBox.Show("鼠标进入了 "+btn.Content.ToString()+" 呀!"); 5 }

 触发器

使用触发器可自动完成简单的样式的改变,不需要使用代码,也可以完成不少工作。触发器通过Style.Trigger集合链接到样式。每个样式可以有任意多个触发器。每个触发器都是System.Windows.TriggerBase的实例。
TriggerBase的子类
走进WPF之样式

 

 

1. 基础触发器

触发器,是指当满足一定条件,然后触发相关的样式设置,如下所示:

走进WPF之样式

 示例源码

示例中设置了两个触发器:1.Control.IsMouseOver鼠标覆盖在按钮上时,设置对应的样式。2. Control.IsFocused,控件聚焦时,设置对应的样式。如下所示:

 1 <Window x:Class="WpfApp1.EightWindow"  2         xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"  3         xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"  4         xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"  5         xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"  6         xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApp1"  7         mc:Ignorable="d"  8         Title="EightWindow" Height="350" Width="400">  9     <Window.Resources> 10         <Style x:Key="first"> 11             <Setter Property="Control.Margin" Value="2,5,2,5"></Setter> 12             <Setter Property="Control.FontFamily" Value="SimSun-ExtB"></Setter> 13             <Setter Property="Control.FontSize" Value="18"></Setter> 14             <Setter Property="Control.Foreground" Value="Red"></Setter> 15             <Setter Property="Control.Background" Value="LightBlue"></Setter> 16             <Style.Triggers> 17                 <Trigger Property="Control.IsMouseOver" Value="True"> 18                     <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Background" Value="AliceBlue"></Setter> 19                     <Setter Property="Control.FontSize" Value="28"></Setter> 20                 </Trigger> 21                 <Trigger Property="Control.IsFocused" Value="True"> 22                     <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Background" Value="DarkGoldenrod"></Setter> 23                     <Setter Property="Control.FontSize" Value="28"></Setter> 24                 </Trigger> 25             </Style.Triggers> 26         </Style> 27     </Window.Resources> 28     <StackPanel> 29         <Button x:Name="button1" Content="第一个按钮" Style="{StaticResource first}"></Button> 30     </StackPanel> 31 </Window>

注意:如果样式触发器,设置了多个,且条件相互覆盖时,以最后的设置为准。

2. 多条件触发器

如果需要多个条件同时满足,才能设置对应的样式,则可以通过MultiTrigger来设置,如下所示:

 1 <Window x:Class="WpfApp1.EightWindow"  2         xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"  3         xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"  4         xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"  5         xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"  6         xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApp1"  7         mc:Ignorable="d"  8         Title="EightWindow" Height="350" Width="400">  9     <Window.Resources> 10         <Style x:Key="first"> 11             <Setter Property="Control.Margin" Value="2,5,2,5"></Setter> 12             <Setter Property="Control.FontFamily" Value="SimSun-ExtB"></Setter> 13             <Setter Property="Control.FontSize" Value="18"></Setter> 14             <Setter Property="Control.Foreground" Value="Red"></Setter> 15             <Setter Property="Control.Background" Value="LightBlue"></Setter> 16             <Style.Triggers> 17                 <MultiTrigger> 18                     <MultiTrigger.Conditions> 19                         <Condition Property="Control.IsMouseOver" Value="True"></Condition> 20                         <Condition Property="Control.IsFocused" Value="True"></Condition> 21                     </MultiTrigger.Conditions> 22                     <MultiTrigger.Setters> 23                         <Setter Property="ItemsControl.Background" Value="Gainsboro"></Setter> 24                         <Setter Property="Control.FontSize" Value="20"></Setter> 25                     </MultiTrigger.Setters> 26                 </MultiTrigger> 27             </Style.Triggers> 28         </Style> 29     </Window.Resources> 30     <StackPanel> 31         <Button x:Name="button1" Content="第一个按钮" Style="{StaticResource first}"></Button> 32         <Button x:Name="button2" Content="第二个按钮" ></Button> 33     </StackPanel> 34 </Window>

3. 事件触发器

事件触发器,是指某一个事件发生时,触发的相关动作,主要用于动画,如下所示:

走进WPF之样式

示例源码

当鼠标进入时,字体变大,当鼠标离开时,字体恢复,如下所示:

 1 <Window x:Class="WpfApp1.EightWindow"  2         xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"  3         xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"  4         xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"  5         xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"  6         xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApp1"  7         mc:Ignorable="d"  8         Title="EightWindow" Height="350" Width="400">  9     <Window.Resources> 10         <Style x:Key="first"> 11             <Setter Property="Control.Margin" Value="2,5,2,5"></Setter> 12             <Setter Property="Control.FontFamily" Value="SimSun-ExtB"></Setter> 13             <Setter Property="Control.FontSize" Value="18"></Setter> 14             <Setter Property="Control.Foreground" Value="Red"></Setter> 15             <Setter Property="Control.Background" Value="LightBlue"></Setter> 16             <Style.Triggers> 17                 <EventTrigger RoutedEvent="Mouse.MouseEnter" > 18                     <EventTrigger.Actions> 19                         <BeginStoryboard> 20                             <Storyboard> 21                                 <DoubleAnimation Duration="00:00:02" To="28" From="12" Storyboard.TargetProperty="FontSize"></DoubleAnimation> 22                             </Storyboard> 23                         </BeginStoryboard> 24                     </EventTrigger.Actions> 25                 </EventTrigger> 26                 <EventTrigger RoutedEvent="Mouse.MouseLeave"> 27                     <EventTrigger.Actions> 28                         <BeginStoryboard> 29                             <Storyboard> 30                                 <DoubleAnimation Duration="00:00:01" Storyboard.TargetProperty="FontSize" To="18"  /> 34                             </Storyboard> 35                         </BeginStoryboard> 36                     </EventTrigger.Actions> 37                 </EventTrigger> 38             </Style.Triggers> 39         </Style> 40     </Window.Resources> 41     <StackPanel> 42         <Button x:Name="button1" Content="第一个按钮" Style="{StaticResource first}"></Button> 43         <Button x:Name="button2" Content="第二个按钮" ></Button> 44     </StackPanel> 45 </Window>

备注

走进WPF,感受WPF之美,本文旨在抛砖引玉,共同学习,一起进步。